На этой странице находится топик по английскому по теме ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
The Earth is the only planet in the soiar system where there is life. If you look down at the Earth from a plane you will see how wonderful our planet is. You will see blue seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, high snow-capped mountains, green forests and fields. For centuries man had lived in harmony with nature until industrialization brought human society into conflict with the natural environment. Today, the contradictions between man and nature have acquired a dramatic character. With the development of civilization man’s interference in nature has increased. Every year the world’s industry pollutes the atmosphere with millions of tons of dust and other harmful substances. The seas and rivers are poisoned with industrial waste, chemical and sewage discharge. People who live in big cities are badly affected by harmful discharge from plants and city transport and by the increasing noise level which is as bad for human health as lack of fresh air and clean water.
Among the most urgent problems are the depletion of the ozone layer, acid rains and global warming that lead to unfavourable changes in the world’s climate.
Another serious ecological problem is the disappearance of forests. Some of them die from acid rains, others are cut down. Rain forests disappear at an alarming rate. If man continues to cut down rain forests, more than one million species of plants and animals will become extinct by the year of 2030.
Water is often looked upon as a dumping place where sewage and industrial waste can be washed away and hopefully disappear. As a result some rivers and lakes are so badly polluted that the water is unfit for bathing.
There are a lot of places on our planet that need immediate help. Our country is no exception. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl has seriously aggravated the ecological situation in Belarus. About 18 per cent of the country’s soil are unfit for farming and some districts in the south-east of the country are dangerous to live in.
Today people are aware that our life depends on the state of the environment. Pollution kills everything that is alive. It ruins nature creating serious dangers to the flora, fauna and man himself. So nature protection should become everybody’s concern.
I believe that environmental disasters can be avoided if people broaden ecological education and every person understands that the beauty of nature is extremely fragile and people must obey the unwritten laws of nature. Governments must be prepared to take action against pollution. Air pollution could be reduced if plants and factories were made to fit effective filters on chimneys and car exhausts. Green zones around big cities must be protected and extended. Natural resources should be used more economically because their stocks are not unlimited.
Today more and more people are aware of the necessity to stop the damage done by man to nature. Different nongovernmental organizations work actively to protect nature. The international organization «Greenpeace» is one of them. It has brought the plight of the natural world to the attention of other people. The «Greenpeace» sent its boats to protect whales, and today commercial whaling is banned. In the North Sea Greenpeace swimmers turned back dump ships carrying chemical waste, and new laws to protect the North Sea have been considered.
It’s time we asked ourselves a question, «What can I do to protect nature?» When I look around I realize that not all people understand the importance of nature protection. On fine summer days a lot of people go out of town. They have picnics on the shores of lakes and the banks of rivers or on beautiful forest glades and they often leave behind a lot of rubbish - plastic bags and bottles, tins and paper. It makes me feel sad when I see people returning to town with huge bunches of forest or meadow flowers. Many of these plants are included into the Red Book which contains the names of rare plants and animals. Some of them have become extinct and others are on the verge of disappearing. If we don’t realize that we are all responsible for what’s happening around us we will never feel secure about the future of the world we live in.
Environmental
Protection
Ecological problems are becoming more and more important today.
People all over the world discuss environmental protection, but
we still go on polluting air, water and soil.
Air pollution is the biggest problem of large cities and
industrial areas. It is usually caused by different means of
transport. Cars, buses and planes are among the worst air
polluters. Factories and plants also pollute air by pouring
harmful emissions into the air causing lung diseases and doing
harm to our health. As a result, acid rains appear and damage
forests and soil.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air and give out oxygen in
return. In some parts of the world, such as Asia and South
America, trees are threatened not by pollution, but by people.
The rainforests are destroyed for firewood and building
materials. If we lose tropical forests, it will become more
difficult to breathe, because they provide 50 per cent of the
world"s annual production of oxygen. With more carbon dioxide in
the air, the temperature on the planet will rise and this will
cause global warming.
How can the problems of air pollution be solved? First of all,
people should try to use alternative sources of energy, such as
solar, water or wind energies, or at least to burn smokeless
fuels.
There are ways to reduce air pollution caused by road traffic.
It is possible to build more railways and to support public
transportation. Also, people should be encouraged to drive at
the speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently. Another
way is to encourage tree planting, because trees absorb carbon
dioxide. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can also help to
reduce air pollution.
Water pollution is as dangerous as air pollution. Factories and
plants dump wastes into rivers and lakes polluting them. Wastes
that get into rivers, streams and oceans can entangle wildlife
or be mistaken by them for food and spread diseases to humans.
Rain or excess water can wash fertilisers into rivers and
streams, causing excess weeds to grow.
There are several things that can be done to restore polluted
waterways back to normal. You should make sure you never throw
anything that could be toxic down a drain or onto soil.
Basically, it is important to remember that anything that gets
onto the ground can eventually end up in a river, lake or
stream. So, make sure you do not allow any chemicals or waste to
go on the ground or down the drain.
Soil pollution does not allow plants to grow and makes people
sick after they eat fruit and vegetables grown on polluted soil.
People also pollute soil by throwing litter onto it. Forests are
full of used bottles and cans. Such litter can be found in
rivers and lakes too which makes wild animals sick and causes
their death. This can be stopped if you make sure that you throw
litter into recycling bins and take litter with you after a
picnic in a forest or on a river bank.
Every day we throw away a lot of litter, which, actually, we can
use again, for example paper, cloth, glass, plastic, etc.
Everybody should know the three r"s: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Water and electricity can and should be reduced. We should reuse
whatever we can: plastic bags, paper, cans, glass and bottles.
Paper and plastic, for example, are also recycled at factories
and plants and we get paper and plastic bags made from recycled
materials.
It is impossible to stop technological process, to close «all
factories and plants to prevent pollution, but people need to
invent new waste-free technologies that will not damage the
environment. There are new inventions such as self-destructible
plastic bags which turn into powder if you keep them for some
time or leave them in the forest. There are up-to-date filters
that make water and air clean and that some factories and plants
have started using to prevent pollution.
We must not ignore the problems of environmental pollution and
we have to try and make everything possible to stop or at least
reduce it.
ПЛАН-ОТВЕТ. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1. Вступление (Ecological problems are becoming more and more
important today. People all over the world discuss environmental
protection, but we still go on polluting air, water and soil.).
2. Рассказать о типах загрязнений, почему они возникают и как
можно с ними бороться (air pollution: transport/factories and
plants/acid rains/damage forests and soil/oxygen/rainforests are
destroyed/alternative sources of energy/building more motorways,
etc.; water pollution: factories and plants dump wastes/poison
rivers/spread diseases to humans/never throw toxic things into
the drain/etc.; soil pollution: litter/used bottles and
cans/causes death of animals/throw litter into litter bins,
etc.).
3. Рассказать в общем о том, как можно сократить загрязнение
окружающей среды (three r"s/reduce water and electricity/reuse
and recycle plastic bags/paper/cans/glass, etc., new waste-free
technologies/self-destructible plastic bags/up-to-date filters,
etc.).
4. Заключение (We must not ignore the problems of environmental
pollution and we have to try and make everything possible to
stop or at least reduce it.).
QUESTIONS
1. Are the ecological problems important today?
2. What causes air pollution and what kind of emissions are
emitted into the air?
3. How can acid rain be caused?
4. How does acid rain affect our environment?
5. Why are trees important for life on earth?
6. What kind of climate changes can air pollution cause?
7. What are the ways of reducing air pollution?
8. What measures can we take to reduce air pollution by road
traffic?
9. How does water pollution occur?
10. What can be done to reduce water pollution?
11. How is land pollution caused?
12. What are the possibilities of reusing waste materials?
13. How can we get rid of waste of all kinds?
14. What can be done with litter in the streets?
15. What can people do to prevent pollution?
16. What areas does pollution affect?
17. What is the role of technology in reducing pollution?
18. What causes noise pollution and how can we reduce it?
19. What kind of protection do animals and plants need?
USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
air pollution загрязнение воздуха
disposal уборка, избавление от отходов
dump сбрасывать, сливать
efficiency производительность, эффективность
emission выброс
environment окружающая среда
fossil fuel природное топливо
global warming глобальное потепление
leak утечка; протекать
litter bin мусорный бак
noise pollution шумовое загрязнение
poison яд
poisonous ядовитый
pollute загрязнять
pollution загрязнение
pollutant загрязнитель
rubbish/litter мусор
sewage сточные воды
soil pollution загрязнение почвы
storage хранилище
store хранить
waste отходы
waste disposal утилизация отходов
water pollution загрязнение воды
The protection of nature has become one of the most burning problems of the 20th century. The Earth provides people with mineral resources, rivers, forests, fields — everything that makes the foundation of industrial and agricultural production. The development of industry has had a bad influence on the nature of the whole world. People often do things which pollute land and waters greatly. It is very dangerous because it damages health of the people.
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986 caused radioactive contamination of a vast area around the plant. Soviet statements indicate that 31 people died as a result of the accident but the actual number of deaths caused by the radiation is still unknown. More than 100,000 Ukrainian citizens were evacuated from the city of Chernobyl and other areas around the reactor site.
Environmental protection is a great concern of the Ukrainian Government. The Ministry of Environmental Protection was founded in Ukraine. Their tasks are to control the state of the environment and sources of pollution, to protect the water resources of Ukraine, to extend the network of nature reserves and to maintain co-operation with international ecological organizations.
Campaign for environmental protection is supported by public organizations and individuals. The Ukrainian Green Party is very active today. "Zeleny Svit" is the Ukrainian ecological newspaper. It calls on people to protect the natural wealth and to use it in a more careful and economical manner for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Перевод
Охрана природы стала одной из наиболее острых проблем двадцатого века. Земля дает людям полезные ископаемые, реки, леса, поля — все, что является основой промышленного и сельскохозяйственного производства. Развитие промышленности оказывает вредное влияние на природу во всем мире. Люди часто делают то, что значительно загрязняет земли и воды. Это очень опасно, потому что это вредит здоровью людей.
Авария на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции в апреле 1986 года вызвала радиоактивное заражение огромной территории вокруг станции. Советские сводки показывают, что 31 человек погиб в результате аварии, но реальное количество смертей, вызванных излучением до сих пор неизвестно. Более 100 тысяч украинских граждан были эвакуированы из города Чернобыль и других районов, прилегающих к реактору.
Охрана окружающей среды вызывает большую обеспокоенность украинского правительства. Министерство охраны окружающей среды было создано в Украине. Его задачи заключаются в контроле за состоянием окружающей среды и источников загрязнения, защиты водных ресурсов Украины, расширении сети заповедников и поддерживании сотрудничества с международными экологическими организациями.
Кампания по защите окружающей среды осуществляется при поддержке общественных организаций и частных лиц. Украинская Партия Зеленых очень активна. "Зеленый Свит" является украинской экологической газетой. Она призывает людей защитить природные богатства и использовать их более тщательным и экономичным образом на благо нынешнего и будущих поколений.
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Protection of the Environment
Ecology is a
science which studies the relationship between all forms of life
on our planet and the environment. This word came from the Greek
«oikos» which means «home». This idea of «home» includes our
whole planet, its population, nature, animals, birds, fish,
insects and all other living beings, and even the atmosphere
around our planet.
Do all of them live a happy and healthy life in our common home
nowadays? Unfortunately, not. Since ancient times nature has
served people, giving them everything they need: air to breathe,
food to eat, water to drink, wood for building and fuel for
heating their home. For thousands of years people lived in
harmony with the environment and it seemed to them that the
resources of Nature had no end or limit. With the industrial
revolution our negative influence on nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of steaming, polluting plants and
factories can be found nowadays all over the world. The
by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the
water we drink, the fields where our crops are grown.
Every year the atmosphere is polluted by about 1000 tons of
industrial dust and other harmful substances. Big cities suffer
from smog. Cars with their engines have become the main source
of pollution in industrial countries. Vast forests are cut down
in Africa, South America and Asia for the needs of industries in
Europe and the USA. The loss of the forests upsets the oxygen
balance of the new wastelands. As a result some species of
animals, birds, fish and plants have disappeared and keep
disappearing. Rivers and lakes dry up. One of the most recent
examples is the Aral Sea, which has become much smaller due to
human"s activity. Air and marine pollution and the thinning of
the ozone layer are the other problems arising from people"s
careless attitude to ecology.
Охрана окружающей среды
Экология - это наука, которая
изучает отношения всех форм жизни на планете с окружающей
средой. Само слово происходит от греческого «ойкос», что
означает «дом». Идея «дома» включает в себя всю нашу планету, ее
население, природу, животных, птиц, рыб, насекомых - то есть
всех живых существ, и даже атмосферу, которая окружает планету.
Можно ли сказать, что все они сегодня живут счастливой и
здоровой жизнью в нашем Доме? К несчастью, это не так. С
древнейших времен природа служила людям, давая им все, в чем они
нуждаются: воздух, чтобы дышать, пищу, чтобы есть, воду, чтобы
пить, дерево, чтобы строить, и топливо, чтобы обогревать дом. На
протяжении тысяч лет люди жили в гармонии с окружающей средой, и
им казалось, что природные ресурсы бесконечны и безграничны. С
началом промышленной революции наше негативное влияние на
природу начало увеличиваться. Сегодня по всему миру можно найти
большие города с тысячами дымящих и загрязняющих окружающую
среду заводов и фабрик. Отходы их деятельности загрязняют
воздух, которым мы дышим, воду, которую мы пьем, поля, на
которых растет наш урожай.
Каждый год атмосферу загрязняет примерно 1000 тонн промышленной
пыли и других вредных веществ. Большие города страдают от смога.
Автомобили со своими моторами стали в индустриальных державах
главным источником загрязнения. Для нужд промышленности в Европе
и США вырубаются огромные леса в Африке, Южной Америке и Азии.
Потеря лесов нарушает кислородный баланс вновь образовавшихся
пустых пространств. В результате некоторые виды животных, птиц,
рыб и растений исчезли или исчезают. Реки и озера высыхают. Один
из недавних тому примеров - Аральское море, которое уменьшилось
в результате деятельности человека. Другие проблемы, возникшие
из-за беззаботного отношения людей к экологии, - это загрязнение
воздуха и мировых океанов, а также постепенное разрушение
озонового слоя, который становится все тоньше.
Vocabulary:
accident -
авария
agricultural - сельскохозяйственный
amount - количество (с неисчисл.)
atmosphere - атмосфера, воздух
atomic power station - атомная электростанция
basin - водоем
chemical - химический
nowadays - в наше время
nuclear - ядерный
to pollute - загрязнять
to protect - защищать
rare - редкий
scientific - научный
to solve - разрешать (проблему)
technological - технологический
test - испытание
to vanish - исчезать
wastes - отходы
Answer the question
1. What does the word «ecology» mean?
2. What can you say about the present ecological situation?
3. What does nature give to people?
4. How did the Industrial revolution change the nature?
5. What pollutes nature?
6. What do you know about the Aral sea?
7. What are the main ecological problems?
8. What measures should be taken to protect nature?
9. What do you know about ecological problems in our country?
10. Where would you like to live: in a big city or in a country?
Why?
11. What is the main ecological problem in the place where you
live?
12. Do you and your friends care about ecological problems? Why?
13. Have you ever taken part in any ecological project at
school?
14. What would you recommend to a person who wants to improve
ecological situation in his\her hometown?
15. Translate the underlined words and use them in your own
sentences.
Nature Protection Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have increase of the average temperature between 1,5-4,5 Degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres, flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and become uninhabitable.
Water contamination could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth"s environment. But now, at the end of the 20th century, we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature"s sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside to accommodate our rubbish. These are the consequences of the development of civilization. We are to stop it by joint efforts of all the people of the world.
The range of environmental problems is wide. But the matters of people"s great concern nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes, depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concentrates its activities on these issues.
Acid Rains One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. It results from the release into the atmosphere of sulphur and nitrogen oxides that react with water droplets and return to earth in the form of acid rain, mist or snow. Acid rain iskilling forests (Nearly every species of tree is affected) It has acidified lakes and streams and they can"t support fish, wildlife, plants or insects.
Depletion of the Ozone Layer The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun"s destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a «hole».
This «hole» allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people. Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important-crops (rice, cotton, soy beans). The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone. Destruction of the Tropical Forest It"s generally agreed that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate.
The tropical rain forest is a natural recycler, provider and protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth of all species on earth to vanish in the next 25 years. These forests in Amazonia, South-East Asia and West and Central Africa are being destroyed at an alarming rate of 42 million acres per year. Measures to Be Taken We have only a few years to attempt to turn things around.
We must review our wasteful, careless ways, we must consume less, recycle more, conserve wildlife and nature, act according to the dictum «think locally, think globally, act locally». To my mind, we are obliged to remove factories and plants from cities, use modern technologies, redesign and modify purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances, protect and increase the greenery and broaden ecological education. These are the main practical measures, which must he taken in order to improve the ecological situation. Some progress has been already made in this direction. 159 countries-members of the UNO have set up environmental protection agencies. They hold conferences discussing ecological problems, set up environmental research centres and take practical urgent measures to avoid ecological catastrophe. There are numerous public organisations such as Greenpeace that are doing much to preserve environment. The 5th of June is proclaimed the World Environmental Day by the UNO and is celebrated every year.
